On May 22, 1545, Pope Paul III issued a call for a what became the Council of Trent. He invited both the Catholic Bishops and Protestant leaders of the Reformation to gather in Trent, Italy to try to peacefully resolve their differences. The Protestants refused. The Council went on nevertheless, with multiple sessions between 1545 and 1563.
The Council dealt with a variety of issues, including some over which the Protestants disagreed with the Church, such as indulgences, justification, and veneration of the saints. The Council also discussed original sin, the seven sacraments, the Eucharist, penance, extreme unction, and episcopal discipline, reformed the Mass, standardized liturgical practices, and much more.
The Council clarified Catholic doctrine in opposition to
Protestant teachings.
Both Scripture and Tradition were affirmed as
sources of divine revelation, rejecting sola scriptura.
Salvation requires both faith and
works, countering the Protestant doctrine of sola fide.
All seven sacraments were reaffirmed as
instituted by Christ.
The doctrine of transubstantiation and the Real Presence of Christ were upheld.
The Latin Vulgate was declared
authoritative, including the deuterocanonical books.
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